Experiment Videos and Materials
Experiment Videos
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Geotech
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0507 Experiment of Pile Foundation in Non-liquefied Horizontal Ground
(Feb. 2006) （ Test Number: E200507 ）Geotech - Input Ground Motion
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Feb. 24 - JR Takatori motion (the 1995 Southern Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake) 80%
E200507_060224.wmv
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0508 Experiment of Sheet Pile Seawall and Pile Foundation behind the Wall in Liquefaction-induced Lateral Spreading
(Mar. 2006) （ Test Number: E200508 ）Geotech - Input Ground Motion
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Mar. 23 - JR Takatori motion (the 1995 Southern Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake), horizontal 1 direction and vertical direction 80%
E200508_060323.wmv -
0603 Experiment of Pile Foundation on Liquefied Horizontal Ground
(Aug. 2006) （ Test Number: E200603 ）Geotech - Input Ground Motion
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Aug. 25 - JR Takatori motion (the 1995 Southern Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake), horizontal 2 directions 50%
E200603_060825.wmv
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0605 Experiment of Caisson Seawall and Pile Foundation behind the Wall in Liquefaction-induced Lateral Spreading
(Dec. 2006) （ Test Number: E200605 ）Geotech - Input Ground Motion
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Dec. 15 - JR Takatori motion (the 1995 Southern Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake), horizontal 1 direction and vertical direction 80%
E200605_061215.wmv
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1104 Shake Table Experiments on Slopes around Nuclear Power Plant
(Dec. 2011) （ Test Number: E201104 ）Geotech - Input Ground Motion
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Dec. 6 - Sinusoidal motion 5 Hz, 800 Gal
Top view: E201104_111206_1.mpg
Bird view from North: E201104_111206_2.mpg
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1107 Experimental Study of Soil and Underground Structure
(Feb. 2012) （ Test Number: E201107 ）Geotech - Input Ground Motion
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Feb. 28 - JR Takatori motion (the 1995 Southern Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake) 80%
Overall view: E201107_120228_1.mpeg
Around a vertical structure: E201107_120228_2.mpg
Inside of the circular-shaped underground structure: E201107_120228_3.avi
Around a connection between vertical and horizontal underground structures: E201107_120228_4.avi
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1505 Shaking Table Experiment to verify Monitoring Technology of Earthquake-induced Damage along Pile Foundation
(Oct. 2015) （ Test Number: E201505 ）Geotech - Input Ground Motion
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Oct. 20 - JR Takatori motion (the 1995 Southern Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake) 60%
Superstructure and footing: E201505_151020_1.mp4 ）
Superstructure supported by RC piles: E201505_151020_2.mp4
Overall view from North: E201505_151020_3.mp4
Overall view from East: E201505_151020_4.mp4
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1511 Verification Experiment on Seismic Performance of Embankment with Impermeable Sheet for Irrigation Pond
(Mar. 2016) （ Test Number: E201511 ）Geotech - Input Ground Motion
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Mar. 18 - 60 cycles of 5 Hz sinusoidal motion
Top view: E201511_160318_1.wmv
Bird view from West: E201511_160318_2.wmv
Bird view from the South: E201511_160318_3.wmv
Right behind the embankment: E201511_160318_4.wmv
- Compilation Video
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E201511_sum.mp4 -
1602 Shake Table Experiment of RC Frame Building and Pile Foundation to verify Monitoring Technology
(Feb. 2017) （ Test Number: E201602 ）Reinforced Concrete Geotech - Input Ground Motion
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Feb. 6 - Artificial motion simulated by assuming Magnitude 8.0, Depth of epicenter 30 km, and Distance from epicenter 50 km 300%
Column base at the first floor: E201602_170206_1.mp4
Footing: E201602_170206_2.mp4
Steel beam close to the top of the soil container: E201602_170206_3.mp4
Overall view from North: E201602_170206_4.mp4
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1603 Large-scale Verification Experiment of Diagnosis of Liquefaction (Earthquake Resistance) and Technological Measures to Industrial Complex in Coastal Reclaimed Land
(Feb. 2017) （ Test Number: E201603 ）Geotech - Input Ground Motion
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Feb.23 - Expected motion from a Mw7.3 near-field earthquake in Tokyo Bay area 100%
Pier-type quay wall: E201603_170223_1.mp4
Oil storage tank: E201603_170223_2.mp4
Right behind the seawall (in the section with countermeasure): E201603_170223_3.mp4
Right behind the seawall (in the section without countermeasure): E201603_170223_4.mp4
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1706 Study on Seismic Performance of Embankment for Irrigation Pond with Impermeable Sheet Method
(Jan. 2018) （ Test Number: E201706 ）Geotech - Input Ground Motion
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Jan. 12 - 60 cycles of 5 Hz sinusoidal motion
Bird view from West: E201706_180112_1.wmv
Bird view from East: E201706_180112_2.wmv
Top of embankment in the straight sheet laying: E201706_180112_3.wmv
Top of embankment in the stepped sheet laying: E201706_180112_4.wmv
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1707 Large-scale Verification Experiment on Seismic Retrofitting Technology of Road Bridge Foundation on Liquefiable Ground
(Feb. 2018) （ Test Number: E201707 ）Geotech - Input Ground Motion
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Feb. 15 - Equivalent to Level 2 seismic motion as defined in the Specifications for Highway Bridges
Overall view: E201707_180215_1.wmv
Top view: E201707_180215_2.wmv
Bridge abutment (reinforced section): E201707_180215_3.wmv
Front of the slope: E201707_180215_4.wmv ）
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1806 E-Defense Experiment to verify the Function of 3-story Wooden Building including Underground Piping Equipment
(Jan. & Feb. 2019) （ Test Number: E201806 ）Timber Geotech Isolation/Damping Non-structural Equipment Furniture - Input Ground Motion
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Jan. 31 - JMA Kobe motion (the 1995 Southern Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake) 100%
Overall view from North E201806_190131_1.mp4
Overall view from South: E201806_190131_2.mp4
Dining room at the first floor of the isolated house: E201806_190131_3.mp4
Bedroom at the second floor of the seismic-resistant house: E201806_190131_4.mp4
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1904 Verification Experiment for Practical Implementation of Economical Seismic Retrofitting Method for Existing Embankment by using Sandbag Structure
(Nov. 2019) （ Test Number: E201904 ）Geotech - Input Ground Motion
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Oct. 15- 5Hz Sine motion 450Gal
Bird view: E201904_191015_1.mp4
Front of the slope on the side of one-step-type sandbag: E201904_191015_2.mp4
Front of the slope on the side of two-step-type sandbag: E201904_191015_3.mp4
Pavement of the top of the embankment: E201904_191015_4.mp4
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2102 Full-scale Shaking Table Test of Seismic Reinforced Joints for Water Pipelines
(Oct. 2021) （ Test Number: E202102 ）Geotech Equipment - Input Ground Motion
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Oct. 26 - 1 Hz Sinusoidal motion 750 Gal, 20s of duration
Bird view: E202102_211026_1.wmv
Inside of seismic reinforcement pipe using “seismic reinforcement fitting”: E202102_211026_2.wmv
Inside of unreinforced piping: E202102_211026_3.wmv
0507
Experiment of Pile Foundation in Non-liquefied Horizontal Ground
(Feb. 2006) （
Test Number: E200507 ）
As a part of “Special Project for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in Urban Areas” supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), a series of shaking experiments on soil-pile foundation interaction was conducted.
Detailed information and acquired data and images from this experiment are available in E-Defense Data Archive, ASEBI.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17598/NIED.0020-E200507
Application for Use of Video Materials
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0508
Experiment of Sheet Pile Seawall and Pile Foundation behind the Wall in Liquefaction-induced Lateral Spreading
(Mar. 2006) （
Test Number: E200508 ）
As a part of “Special Project for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in Urban Areas” supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), a series of shaking experiments was conducted to comprehend lateral spreading phenomena of the ground induced by liquefaction of coastal areas using a large-scale specimen with sheet pile type quay wall and pile group foundation structure. About 900 channel sensors were set in order to clarify ground behavior of lateral spreading and failure process of pile foundation structure under earthquakes. As a result, large displacement of the ground and the structures, and significant change in earth pressure and pore water pressure were observed through the sensors.
Detailed information and acquired data and images from this experiment are available in E-Defense Data Archive, ASEBI.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17598/NIED.0020-E200508
Experiment Overview:E200508.pdf
Application for Use of Video Materials
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0603
Experiment of Pile Foundation on Liquefied Horizontal Ground
(Aug. 2006) （
Test Number: E200603 ）
As a part of “Special Project for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in Urban Areas” supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), a series of shaking experiments on pile foundation placed in level liquefiable ground had been conducted by using a cylindrical laminar container to examine behavior of liquefied ground and structural interaction in consequence of shaking.
Detailed information and acquired data and images from this experiment are available in E-Defense Data Archive, ASEBI.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17598/NIED.0020-E200603
Application for Use of Video Materials
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0605
Experiment of Caisson Seawall and Pile Foundation behind the Wall in Liquefaction-induced Lateral Spreading
(Dec. 2006) （
Test Number: E200605 ）
As a part of “Special Project for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in Urban Areas” supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), a shaking experiment was conducted with a large-scale model composed of caisson type quay walls and pile group in order to perceive lateral spreading phenomenon of the ground induced by liquefaction in coastal areas. About 900 channel sensors were set to clarify ground behavior and failure process of the pile foundation when lateral spreading occurred. Large displacements of the ground and the structures, and significant change of earth pressure and pore water pressure were captured by the sensors.
Detailed information and acquired data and images from this experiment are available in E-Defense Data Archive, ASEBI.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17598/NIED.0020-E200605
Application for Use of Video Materials
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1104
Shake Table Experiments on Slopes around Nuclear Power Plant
(Dec. 2011) （
Test Number: E201104 ）
Facility Rental Experiment Conducted by Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization】
In the event of an earthquake, it is necessary to confirm that slope failures in the vicinity of nuclear power plant facilities will not significantly affect the facility's functions. To achieve this, it is important to reasonably evaluate the possibility of slope failure and the extent of the failure area. To develop and improve evaluation methods for the seismic stability of rock slopes, it is important to clarify the mechanisms through model experiments that reproduce the phenomena and to verify the validity of numerical analyses based on the results obtained from these experiments. Therefore, shake table experiments on rock slopes and numerical analyses have been conducted. However, these shake table experiments only used horizontal seismic motions, and the effects of vertical motions on the seismic behavior of slopes have not been sufficiently investigated. In light of this background, E-Defense shake table experiments were conducted with the aim of evaluating the effects of vertical motion and scale effects of models on the seismic behavior of slopes and incorporating the results into seismic safety evaluation methods for slopes. A slope model with a height of 3 meters was constructed as the test specimen, and horizontal and vertical simultaneous excitation was applied. Based on the results obtained, the applicability and usefulness of the conventional evaluation method and DEM for slope deformation analysis were investigated.
Detailed information and acquired data and images from this experiment are available in E-Defense Data Archive, ASEBI.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17598/NIED.0020-E201104
Application for Use of Video Materials
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1107
Experimental Study of Soil and Underground Structure
(Feb. 2012) （
Test Number: E201107 ）
Based on the above, large-scale model tests were conducted using the E-Defense facility, with the aim of clarifying the behavior of underground structures during earthquakes and the mechanisms that lead to their failure, focusing on the connection between vertical structures and horizontal underground structures, and the boundary between hard and soft ground. The test model was a large-scale model of a ground and underground structure, built inside a cylindrical laminar container with a diameter of 8 m and a height of 6.5 m. The test specimen was composed of dry sand ground, two vertical structures inter-connected with a rectangular horizontal underground structure, and two circular horizontal underground structures. When the test specimen was subjected to the actual seismic motion observed during the 1995 Southern Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake, it was found that localized responses occurred around the connection area.
Detailed information and acquired data and images from this experiment are available in E-Defense Data Archive, ASEBI.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17598/NIED.0020-E201107
Application for Use of Video Materials
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1505
Shaking Table Experiment to verify Monitoring Technology of Earthquake-induced Damage along Pile Foundation
(Oct. 2015) （
Test Number: E201505 ）
It is important to assess the state of the ground, foundation structure and lifelines after a major earthquake to determine whether the building can be used as it is or whether repairs are needed, and to maintain the building's functionality and achieve early recovery. However, since these are buried under the ground and the damage cannot be seen, it takes a lot of time and money to assess their integrity. Therefore, in October 2015, the E-Defense shaking table experiment was conducted with Taisei Corporation for the purpose of developing a monitoring system to immediately assess the health condition of the ground, foundation structure, and lifelines as a part of the Special Project for Reducing Vulnerability in Urban Mega Earthquake Disasters. In this experiment, the shaking level was gradually increased to progressively damage the pile foundations supporting the building, and the damage was monitored. In addition, the validity of the monitoring system was verified by comparing the results of the damage assessment using the monitoring system with the actual damage. The series of experiments confirmed that the system can be used to monitor the health of the piles. To put the system to practical use, the appropriate threshold values for assessing the health of the piles and the building will be a future issue.
Detailed information and acquired data and images from this experiment are available in E-Defense Data Archive, ASEBI.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17598/NIED.0020-E201505
Experiment Overview: E201505.pdf
Application for Use of Video Materials
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1511
Verification Experiment on Seismic Performance of Embankment with Impermeable Sheet for Irrigation Pond
(Mar. 2016) （
Test Number: E201511 ）
There are around 200,000 agricultural reservoirs in Japan, but as around 70% of them were built before the Edo period, many of them are now dilapidated. In Hyogo Prefecture, there are the largest number of reservoirs in Japan, with around 38,000, so there are many reservoirs that need to be repaired. In the past, repairs have been carried out using the “Hagane-do” method, which uses impermeable soil layer to prevent water from seeping through. In cases where this method is difficult to apply, there has been an increase in the number of cases using a bentonite-based impermeable sheet method. However, since it is not yet clear how the impermeable sheet and the surrounding embankment behave during an earthquake, and whether they can maintain their water-proofing and durability after an earthquake, a shaking table experiment using a full-scale model was conducted as collaborative research with Hyogo Prefecture and Kobe University to compare the Hagane-do method and the impermeable sheet method. As a result of the experiment, cracks appeared on the top of the embankment in the impermeable sheet method. However, as there was no leakage or collapse after the seismic motion, it was found that the impermeable sheet itself maintained its function.
Detailed information and acquired data and images from this experiment are available in E-Defense Data Archive, ASEBI.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17598/NIED.0020-E201511
Experiment Overview: E201511.pdf
Application for Use of Video Materials
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1602
Shake Table Experiment of RC Frame Building and Pile Foundation to verify Monitoring Technology
(Feb. 2017) （
Test Number: E201602 ）
In the face of the major earthquake that could strike in the near future, improving the resilience of cities has become an urgent issue. In order to improve resilience, it is essential to be able to assess the structural condition of buildings immediately after a major earthquake. As part of the “the Special Project for Reducing Vulnerability in Urban Mega Earthquake Disasters”, in February 2017 an experiment was conducted to verify the structural health monitoring technology for buildings and foundation structures. The experiment was conducted on a reinforced concrete building supported by pile foundations in the ground, with the structure, piles and ground as a single coupled system. In this experiment, two stages of shaking table tests were conducted, consisting of damage to the soil-pile coupled system and damage to the superstructure. In the first stage, damage to the soil-pile coupled system was reproduced by conducting coupled system tests of the superstructure, soil and pile, and in the second stage, damage to the superstructure was reproduced by conducting tests on a building with a fixed foundation. The shaking level was gradually increased, and detailed data was measured until the pile itself and the building were damaged. The series of experiments has provided valuable data that is necessary for understanding the behavior of the coupled system of soil-pile-structure and the process by which each part reaches the point of damage.
Detailed information and acquired data and images from this experiment are available in E-Defense Data Archive, ASEBI.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17598/NIED.0020-E201602
Experiment Overview: E201602.pdf
Application for Use of Video Materials
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1603
Large-scale Verification Experiment of Diagnosis of Liquefaction (Earthquake Resistance) and Technological Measures to Industrial Complex in Coastal Reclaimed Land
(Feb. 2017) （
Test Number: E201603 ）
As one of the important facilities, the industrial complex is often located on reclaimed land in coastal areas, and as liquefaction damage is predicted to occur during earthquakes, urgent countermeasures are required. Therefore, as a part of “Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP)”, a large-scale experiment was conducted in collaboration with the Port and Airport Research Institute and National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster, with the aim of promoting liquefaction countermeasures for industrial complexes on reclaimed land in coastal areas. Two 1/8 scale model structures were built inside a rectangular container, consisting of a pier-type quay, a bridge, and an oil storage tank. The model structures were then subjected to a simulated motion from a Mw7.3 near-field earthquake. The measurement data and images obtained from this experiment are available.
Detailed information and acquired data and images from this experiment are available in E-Defense Data Archive, ASEBI.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17598/NIED.0020-E201603
Experiment Overview: E201603.pdf
Application for Use of Video Materials
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1706
Study on Seismic Performance of Embankment for Irrigation Pond with Impermeable Sheet Method
(Jan. 2018) （
Test Number: E201706 ）
Prior to this experiment, a collaborative E-Defense experiment on an embankment for irrigation ponds with an impermeable sheet (E201511) was conducted with Hyogo Prefecture and Kobe University on March 17-18, 2016, and it was confirmed that there was no leakage after the vibration and that it was safe.
In this experiment, in order to further confirm the safety of the impermeable sheet method, a comparison experiment was conducted based on different sheet laying methods that considered conditions closer to the actual site and construction conditions again with Hyogo Prefecture and Kobe University. The experimental conditions were a stepped sheet laying method, which is a typical construction cross-section, and a straight sheet laying method. For the stepped sheet laying method, the effects of deliberately modeling the sheet joints that could occur in actual construction were confirmed. In this experiment, cracks eventually occurred in both embankments. Extremely large cracks appeared in the embankment where the sheet was laid in a straight line, and the difference in the stability of the embankment due to the difference in the method of laying the sheet was apparent. However, since there was no leakage in either embankment, it was confirmed that the impermeable sheet itself was functioning.
Detailed information and acquired data and images from this experiment are available in E-Defense Data Archive, ASEBI.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17598/NIED.0020-E201706
Experiment Overview: E201706.pdf
Application for Use of Video Materials
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1707
Large-scale Verification Experiment on Seismic Retrofitting Technology of Road Bridge Foundation on Liquefiable Ground
(Feb. 2018) （
Test Number: E201707 ）
Roads are an essential infrastructure for transporting supplies and providing relief to disaster areas even right after a major earthquake, and it is essential that road bridges can be used immediately after a major earthquake. However, in past earthquakes, there have been many road bridges that have been damaged by liquefaction of the ground caused by the earthquake, and it has taken a long time to restore them. Based on the experience, as part of the Strategic Innovation Program (SIP), a large-scale shaking table test was conducted for road bridges in collaboration with the Public Works Research Institute in February 2018. The aim of this experiment was to clarify the behavior of bridges during earthquakes and to verify the effectiveness of seismic reinforcement techniques. Unreinforced and reinforced test specimens were prepared, with the former simulating old road bridges that are at risk of being fatally damaged by liquefaction, and the latter simulating bridges that have been reinforced using a seismic reinforcement method that can be implemented while ensuring the flow of road traffic, and they were shaken using seismic motion as defined in the design standards. A series of experiments has provided useful data for clarifying the behavior of road bridges during earthquakes. It has also become clear that it is possible to reduce damage to road bridges by using the seismic reinforcement methods tested.
Detailed information and acquired data and images from this experiment are available in E-Defense Data Archive, ASEBI.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17598/NIED.0020-E201707
Experiment Overview: E201707.pdf
Application for Use of Video Materials
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1806
E-Defense Experiment to verify the Function of 3-story Wooden Building including Underground Piping Equipment
(Jan. & Feb. 2019) （
Test Number: E201806 ）
In the “Tokyo Metropolitan Resilience Project ” - a project subsidized by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology - E-Defense is being used to collect and maintain data on the maintenance of building functions, including interior and exterior materials, furniture, fixtures, and piping, and on the seismic margin of buildings until they collapse, with the aim of quickly restoring urban functions in the event of a major earthquake, identifying damage, and carrying out repairs.
In this experiment, two three-story wooden houses were tested on a shake table: one with an earthquake-resistant structure that had been reinforced to improve its earthquake resistance, and the other with a seismic isolation structure, which is known to be effective for earthquake countermeasures, from the perspective of ensuring the living functions of residential buildings in densely populated residential areas. The size of the test specimen was 4.5 m x 10 m in plan and approximately 10 m in height. For the seismic-resistant structure, a large-scale soil container with internal dimensions of 7 m x 13 m and a height of 2.5 m was constructed, and a 1.3 m deep soil layer was built inside the container to faithfully reproduce the building conditions from the solid foundation to be constructed on top of the soil layer. Valuable data was collected by inputting observation waves from the 1995 Southern Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake, etc.
Detailed information and acquired data and images from this experiment are available in E-Defense Data Archive, ASEBI.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17598/NIED.0020-E201806
Application for Use of Video Materials
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1904
Verification Experiment for Practical Implementation of Economical Seismic Retrofitting Method for Existing Embankment by using Sandbag Structure
(Nov. 2019) （
Test Number: E201904 ）
There are many road and residential embankments in Hyogo Prefecture that are not earthquake-resistant. During the 1995 Southern Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake, there were large-scale collapses of such embankments. The current situation is that it takes a great deal of time and money to fully restore damaged embankments. As part of the national effort to make the country more resilient, there is a great need for research and development into low-cost, quick-response methods of reinforcing embankments to make them more earthquake-resistant.
In light of the above, in collaboration with Hyogo Prefecture and Kobe University, verification tests were conducted using E-Defense to test a new earthquake-resistant reinforcement method for road embankments using sandbag structures. This method involves constructing a rigid structure by piling up large sandbags made by excavating the soil at the foot of the embankment, sandwiching them between upper and lower pressure steel plates, and tightening them with prestressed steel bars. The process of damage development was investigated by repeatedly inputting 5Hz sine waves with gradually increasing amplitude to a 4m high embankment test specimen. As a result, it was possible to verify the effectiveness of the seismic reinforcement method using sandbag structures.
Detailed information and acquired data and images from this experiment are available in E-Defense Data Archive, ASEBI.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17598/NIED.0020-E201904
Application for Use of Video Materials
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2102
Full-scale Shaking Table Test of Seismic Reinforced Joints for Water Pipelines
(Oct. 2021) （
Test Number: E202102 ）
In recent earthquakes, water supply disruptions have occurred every time due to the damage to water supply pipes, which are essential for life. One of the main reasons for these disruptions is the detachment of pipe joints. While seismic reinforcement of existing pipelines is being advanced to mitigate damage, many ductile cast-iron pipes with insufficient seismic resistance remain. Therefore, in collaboration with Kanazawa University and Taisei Kiko Co., Ltd., a large-scale shaking table experiment was conducted. A test specimen was constructed by embedding “seismically reinforced piping” and “unreinforced piping” into a large steel soil container with internal dimensions of 4 m in depth, 16 m in width, and 4.5 m in height. The seismically reinforced piping incorporated seismic reinforcement products such as fittings to prevent joint disengagement, while the unreinforced piping was left as-is. By applying excitation using E-Defense to collapse the ground, the behavior of the pipes and joints under conditions of significant ground deformations was investigated. A sinusoidal input motion with a maximum of 750 Gal, 1 Hz, and a duration of approximately 20 seconds was used. The experiment concluded that when the ground collapsed and significant ground displacement acted on the embedded pipes, the unreinforced joints completely pulled out, while the seismic reinforcement joints maintained their functionality.
Detailed information and acquired data and images from this experiment are available in E-Defense Data Archive, ASEBI.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17598/NIED.0020-E202102
Application for Use of Video Materials
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